Environmental Chemicals: Designing Health & Biomedical Research

Abstract

The Gendered Innovations project was asked by the European Commission to analyze several of its Framework Programme 7 (FP7) projects. This case study examines the "Reproductive Effects of Environmental Chemicals in Females" (REEF) project. We identify gendered innovations, methods of sex and gender analysis, and points of potential "value added" through the future application of gendered innovations methods.

The Challenge:

The potential effects of environmental chemicals (ECs) on human reproductive health have been studied predominantly in men. An expert group reporting to the World Health Organization (WHO) states that "changing trends in female reproductive health have been much less studied than those in males," despite the fact that "female reproductive development is also susceptible to endocrine interference" (Damstra et al., 2002).

Method: Designing Health and Biomedical Research

Researchers have designed experiments to close gaps in scientific knowledge of the potential effects of ECs on female reproductive health. Sampling female animals in controlled experiments has created new knowledge regarding physiological and genetic outcomes of EC exposure. Researchers have also sampled pregnant female animals, which allows the use of pregnancy outcomes as endpoints. Further, studying pregnant females has uniquely allowed researchers to investigate the effects of in utero EC exposure on both female and male fetuses and to elucidate sex differences in the sensitivity.

Gendered Innovations:

  1. The REEF project focused on the effects of environmental chemical exposure on pregnant females and on their female and male offspring.
  2. By analyzing sex, the REEF project compared in-utero EC effects on females and males, including humans. Further, post-natal animal studies have potential significance for monitoring EC effects in humans.

Potential Value Added to Future Research through the Future Application of Gendered Innovations Methods

  1. Investigating possible interactions between pregnancy and EC effects
  2. Understanding the influence of sex, age, occupation, geographic location, socioeconomic status, diet, and body composition in potential EC effects on humans